The base liquid for the serum.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Solvent
Dipropylene Glycol
A humectant and solvent that helps other ingredients penetrate the skin.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Watch for
Can be a mild irritant for some
The pure form of Vitamin C, known for its antioxidant and brightening properties. It can be unstable and may cause irritation in high concentrations.
Usually helps with
Brightening, antioxidant protection, collagen support
Watch for
Potential for stinging or irritation, especially for sensitive skin. Stability issues if exposed to air and light.
Solvent
Dimethyl Isosorbide
A solvent that can help improve the solubility and penetration of other ingredients, including Vitamin C.
Usually helps with
Enhanced ingredient delivery
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated
An emulsifier that helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients.
Usually helps with
Formulation stability
Watch for
Generally considered safe
pH Adjuster
Aminomethyl Propanol
Used to adjust the pH of the formula. Can be a mild irritant for some.
Usually helps with
Formula stability
Watch for
Potential for mild irritation
An Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA) that exfoliates the skin, improves texture, and can help with hyperpigmentation. It can be more hydrating than other AHAs but may still cause irritation.
Usually helps with
Exfoliation, texture improvement, brightening
Watch for
Potential for stinging, redness, and increased sun sensitivity. Start slowly.
Vitamin E, works synergistically with Vitamin C to provide antioxidant protection and help stabilize Vitamin C.
Usually helps with
Antioxidant protection, skin conditioning
Watch for
Rarely causes allergic reactions
Soothing Agent
Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract
Known for its anti-inflammatory and skin-brightening properties, helping to reduce redness and hyperpigmentation.
Usually helps with
Soothing, brightening, reducing hyperpigmentation
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated
A potent antioxidant that enhances the stability and efficacy of Vitamin C and provides additional photoprotection.
Usually helps with
Antioxidant protection, Vitamin C stabilization
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated
Skin Brightener
Morus Alba Fruit Extract
Also known as Mulberry extract, it can help to inhibit melanin production, reducing the appearance of dark spots.
Usually helps with
Brightening, reducing hyperpigmentation
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated
Humectant
Sodium Hyaluronate
A form of hyaluronic acid that attracts and holds moisture, helping to hydrate the skin.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Another Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA) that exfoliates the skin, promoting cell turnover and improving skin texture and tone. Can be more potent than lactic acid.
Usually helps with
Exfoliation, brightening, texture improvement
Watch for
Potential for stinging, redness, and increased sun sensitivity. Use with caution if using other AHAs.
Skin Conditioning
Adenosine
A skin-conditioning agent that can help improve the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.
Usually helps with
Anti-aging, skin smoothing
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated
A common and effective humectant that draws moisture to the skin.
Usually helps with
Hydration
Preservative
Phenoxyethanol
A common preservative used to prevent microbial growth in cosmetic products. Can be a mild irritant for some.
Usually helps with
Product preservation
Watch for
Potential for skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals