The base of the formula, allowing other ingredients to be dissolved and applied to the skin.
Usually helps with
Creating a lightweight serum texture.
Watch for
Neutral ingredient, not actively beneficial on its own.
A classic humectant that draws moisture from the air into the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and plump.
Usually helps with
Basic hydration and improving skin barrier function.
Watch for
Can feel slightly sticky in high concentrations or humid environments.
Probiotic extract
Lactococcus Ferment Lysate
A postbiotic ingredient derived from beneficial bacteria, thought to support skin barrier health and resilience.
Usually helps with
Supporting a healthy skin microbiome and barrier.
Watch for
Research is still emerging, but generally well-tolerated.
Peptide
Acetyl Hexapeptide-8
A peptide known for its 'Botox-like' effect, aiming to reduce the appearance of expression lines by inhibiting muscle contractions.
Usually helps with
Targeting dynamic wrinkles and expression lines.
Watch for
Results are subtle and require consistent use; not a replacement for cosmetic procedures.
Works synergistically with other peptides to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and improve skin texture.
Usually helps with
Smoothing skin texture and reducing wrinkle depth.
Watch for
Best used in combination with other peptides for enhanced results.
Peptide
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1
A signaling peptide that helps stimulate collagen production, improving skin firmness and reducing wrinkles.
Usually helps with
Boosting collagen synthesis and improving firmness.
Watch for
Part of a peptide blend for comprehensive anti-aging benefits.
Peptide
Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7
A peptide that helps reduce inflammation and support collagen production, contributing to firmer, smoother skin.
Usually helps with
Calming skin and supporting collagen.
Watch for
Often paired with Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 in matrixyl 3000.
Peptide
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38
A peptide derived from hyaluronic acid fragments, known to boost the synthesis of six major components of the skin matrix, including collagen and hyaluronic acid.
Usually helps with
Plumping skin and reducing the appearance of wrinkles, especially on the forehead and crow's feet.
Watch for
Targets multiple signs of aging by supporting skin's natural repair processes.
Peptide
Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate
A peptide that mimics the action of Waglerin-1, a peptide found in snake venom, to relax facial muscles and reduce expression lines.
Usually helps with
Smoothing expression lines and wrinkles.
Watch for
Works similarly to Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 but may offer complementary effects.
Peptide
Acetylarginyltryptophyl Diphenylglycine
A complex peptide designed to help protect skin from environmental stressors and support its natural repair mechanisms.
Usually helps with
Skin resilience and protection.
Watch for
Part of a sophisticated peptide blend for comprehensive skin support.
Humectant
Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer
A cross-linked form of hyaluronic acid that forms a film on the skin's surface, providing sustained hydration and reducing water loss.
Usually helps with
Long-lasting surface hydration and a plumping effect.
Watch for
Offers a different hydration profile than standard hyaluronic acid.
Humectant
Sodium Hyaluronate
The salt form of hyaluronic acid, which can penetrate the upper layers of the skin to provide hydration and improve elasticity.
Usually helps with
Surface and mid-level skin hydration.
Watch for
A staple for boosting skin moisture.
Known for its soothing and skin-conditioning properties, it helps to calm irritation and promote healing.
Usually helps with
Calming sensitive or irritated skin.
Watch for
A gentle ingredient that enhances skin comfort.
Skin-conditioning agents
Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins, these help maintain skin hydration and support the skin barrier.
Usually helps with
Supporting skin's natural moisture balance.
Watch for
Essential for overall skin health and function.
Part of the skin's Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF), it helps bind moisture to the skin.
Usually helps with
Enhancing skin's ability to retain moisture.
Watch for
Works synergistically with other NMF components.
The sodium salt of PCA, it's a highly effective humectant that helps improve skin hydration and barrier function.
Usually helps with
Boosting skin hydration and suppleness.
Watch for
A key component for maintaining skin's moisture levels.
Humectant and exfoliant
Urea
A powerful humectant that also has mild exfoliating properties at higher concentrations. Here, it primarily aids hydration.
Usually helps with
Intense hydration and softening dry skin.
Watch for
Can be irritating at very high concentrations, but typically well-tolerated in cosmetic formulations.
An Alpha Hydroxy Acid that exfoliates the skin's surface, promoting cell turnover and improving texture and radiance. It also has hydrating properties.
Usually helps with
Gentle exfoliation, improving skin tone and texture, and hydration.
Watch for
Can increase sun sensitivity; always use SPF. May cause mild stinging initially.
The sodium salt of lactic acid, it's a potent humectant that helps maintain skin hydration.
Usually helps with
Boosting skin's moisture content.
Watch for
Works well with other hydrating ingredients.
AHA Exfoliant and pH adjuster
Citric Acid
An AHA that helps exfoliate the skin and adjust the product's pH for optimal stability and efficacy.
Usually helps with
Surface exfoliation and pH balance.
Watch for
Can increase sun sensitivity; use SPF. Generally used in low concentrations for pH adjustment.
Emulsifier and solubilizer
Polysorbate 20
Helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients, ensuring a uniform product texture.
Usually helps with
Creating a stable and smooth serum formulation.
Watch for
Can be a mild irritant for some sensitive skin types.
A polymer used to thicken the formula, giving it a gel-like consistency.
Usually helps with
Achieving the desired serum texture.
Watch for
Neutral ingredient, primarily for texture.
pH adjuster
Triethanolamine
Used to adjust the pH of the product. However, it can be irritating and potentially form nitrosamines under certain conditions.
Usually helps with
Ensuring the product's pH is optimal for stability and efficacy.
Watch for
Can be irritating for sensitive skin; often replaced with gentler pH adjusters.
Humectant and preservative booster
1,2-Hexanediol
A multifunctional ingredient that acts as a humectant, solvent, and helps boost the efficacy of preservatives.
Usually helps with
Improving hydration and formula stability.
Watch for
Generally well-tolerated and multifunctional.
Emollient and preservative booster
Caprylyl Glycol
A skin-conditioning agent that also helps to enhance the preservative system and improve product texture.
Usually helps with
Softer skin feel and improved product preservation.
Watch for
Generally considered safe and beneficial for skin conditioning.
Preservative
Phenoxyethanol
A common preservative used to prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of the product.
Usually helps with
Keeping the product safe and stable.
Watch for
Can be an irritant for some individuals, especially at higher concentrations.